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AUTHOR

Chris Palmer

Chief Flight Instructor and President of Angle of Attack. Founded in 2006.

ON THE SAME TOPIC

What Are the Airspace Classes? A Pilot’s Guide to A, B, C, D, E, and G

What Are the Airspace Classes? A Pilot’s Guide to A, B, C, D, E, and G 19 min read Last updated June 2026 · Chris Palmer U.S. airspace is divided into six classes — A, B, C, D, E, and G. Classes A through E are controlled airspace where air traffic control provides services and […]

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What Are PIREPs? Pilot Reports That Sharpen Your Weather Picture

What Are PIREPs? Pilot Reports That Sharpen Your Weather Picture 16 min read Last updated June 2026 · Chris Palmer A PIREP (Pilot Report) is a firsthand report of actual weather conditions a pilot encounters in flight — cloud tops, turbulence, icing, in-flight visibility, and ride quality — relayed to a ground station, usually Flight […]

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What Are Ground Reference Maneuvers? The Wind-Drift Skills Every Pilot Learns First

What Are Ground Reference Maneuvers? The Wind-Drift Skills Every Pilot Learns First 16 min read Last updated June 2026 · Chris Palmer Ground reference maneuvers are low-altitude training maneuvers — the rectangular course, S-turns across a road, and turns around a point — in which a pilot flies a precise path over the ground while […]

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What Are Flaps in Aviation? Lift, Drag & When to Use Them

What Are Flaps in Aviation? Lift, Drag & When to Use Them 14 min read Last updated June 2026 · Chris Palmer Flaps are hinged panels on the trailing edge of an airplane’s wing that pilots extend to increase both lift and drag at slow speeds. By changing the wing’s camber and area, flaps let […]

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