AIM Text
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS), Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR), Weather Systems Processor (WSP), and Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) display information on hazardous wind shear and microburst activity in the vicinity of an airport to air traffic controllers who relay this information to pilots.
- LLWAS provides wind shear alert and gust front information but does not provide microburst alerts. The LLWAS is designed to detect low level wind shear conditions around the periphery of an airport. It does not detect wind shear beyond that limitation. Controllers will provide this information to pilots by giving the pilot the airport wind followed by the boundary wind.
- LLWAS “network expansion,” (LLWAS NE) and LLWAS Relocation/Sustainment (LLWAS-RS) are systems integrated with TDWR. These systems provide the capability of detecting microburst alerts and wind shear alerts. Controllers will issue the appropriate wind shear alerts or microburst alerts. In some of these systems controllers also have the ability to issue wind information oriented to the threshold or departure end of the runway.
- More advanced systems are in the field or being developed such as ITWS. ITWS provides alerts for microbursts, wind shear, and significant thunderstorm activity. ITWS displays wind information oriented to the threshold or departure end of the runway.
- The WSP provides weather processor enhancements to selected Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)-9 facilities. The WSP provides Air Traffic with detection and alerting of hazardous weather such as wind shear, microbursts, and significant thunderstorm activity. The WSP displays terminal area 6 level weather, storm cell locations and movement, as well as the location and predicted future position and intensity of wind shifts that may affect airport operations. Controllers will receive and issue alerts based on Areas Noted for Attention (ARENA). An ARENA extends on the runway center line from a 3 mile final to the runway to a 2 mile departure.
- An airport equipped with the LLWAS, ITWS, or WSP is so indicated in the Chart Supplement under Weather Data Sources for that particular airport.
Source: FAA Aeronautical Information Manual · current edition · paragraph 4-3-7.
Research Notes
AIM 4-3-7 covers airport/runway markings — the painted markings on runways, taxiways, and aprons that provide visual guidance to pilots and ground vehicle operators.
Runway markings:
- Centerline: Solid white dashed line along the runway center
- Threshold: White stripes ("piano keys") perpendicular to the runway, at the landing threshold
- Aiming point: Two thick white stripes ~1,000 feet from threshold — the target touchdown zone
- Touchdown zone markers: One/two/three sets of stripes, indicating distance from threshold (typically 500-foot increments)
- Side stripes: Continuous white lines along runway edges (where pavement adjoins shoulder)
- Displaced threshold: White arrows leading to the threshold bar — landing area starts at the displaced threshold, not the pavement end
Taxiway markings:
- Centerline: Yellow continuous line down the taxiway center
- Edge markings: Yellow continuous lines along taxiway edges (sometimes dashed to indicate non-load-bearing pavement)
- Hold-short markings: Yellow lines with hold-short text ("R/W 09-27 HS") perpendicular to the taxiway just before the runway
- Surface-painted holding-position markings: Large yellow rectangle with the runway designation
Runway hold-short markings — the safety-critical lines: Two solid yellow lines + two dashed yellow lines. The SOLID side is the taxiway side; the DASHED side is the runway side. Pilots MUST hold short of the solid-line side until ATC clears them to cross.
Reference: AC 150/5340-1L (Standards for Airport Markings); AIM 2-3 (Airport Marking Aids and Signs).