AIM Text
FIG 4-3-11
Signalman Directs Towing
FIG 4-3-12
Signalman's Position
FIG 4-3-13
All Clear
(O.K.)
FIG 4-3-14
Start Engine
FIG 4-3-15
Pull Chocks
FIG 4-3-16
Proceed Straight Ahead
FIG 4-3-17
Left Turn
FIG 4-3-18
Right Turn
FIG 4-3-19
Slow Down
FIG 4-3-20
Flagman Directs Pilot
FIG 4-3-21
Insert Chocks
FIG 4-3-22
Cut Engines
FIG 4-3-23
Night Operation
FIG 4-3-24
Stop
Source: FAA Aeronautical Information Manual · current edition · paragraph 4-3-26.
Research Notes
AIM 4-3-26 covers simulated instrument flights and operations under the hood — VFR pilots flying under simulated instrument conditions for training or practice.
The legal requirements (§ 91.109): Simulated instrument flight requires:
- A safety pilot occupying the other control seat with at least a private pilot certificate and appropriate category/class ratings
- Fully functioning dual controls (limited exceptions in 91.109(a))
- The safety pilot has adequate forward and side vision — or a competent observer is in the aircraft to compensate
The safety pilot's role: Acts as the eyes-outside-the-cockpit while the rated pilot is under the hood. Watches for traffic, navigates visually, intervenes if necessary. The safety pilot is the PIC if the rated pilot doesn't have an instrument rating — or both can be PIC simultaneously per FAA regulations.
The view-limiting device: The hood, foggles, or other view-limiting device must restrict the pilot's vision to the instrument panel. Standard hoods leave only the instruments visible. Foggles (frosted glasses) restrict vision similarly.
Communications: The pilot under the hood may handle radio comms with ATC, but the safety pilot should be ready to take over if comms get complex or visual reference is needed for traffic.
Reference: § 91.109 (flight instruction); AIM 4-3-26.